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COOKBOOK COSMOLOGY - PART V

An Engineering Interpretation of an ancient "Creation Epic"

Neil B. Christianson

Until recently, a scientific inconsistency bothered me. It came from the fact that green plants need sunlight to survive. Yet, in the Book of Genesis plant life was created on the third day -- the day before the Sun and Moon began to shine. How could this be? Is it a mystery we must accept? I think not, an ancient creation epic gives us a logical explanation.

It now appears the Ancients knew our solar system came from a single molecular cloud filled with hydrogen, helium and ice-coated dust. They knew the path of condensation and solidification that led to our solar system. They knew individual planets contain an inner core of metallic hydrogen, surrounded by crystalline hydrogen -- both saturated with liquid helium, covered by shells of dirty ice, all wrapped in stony shells. They knew, and passed their knowledge on in the form of short stories or allegories that were used to teach scientific fact. The Book of Genesis is a much abbreviated account of their ancient allegories.

With a little imagination, the cold, steady-state creation of our galaxy can be read in the Book of Genesis. The first day reads:

In the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth. The Earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God was moving over the face of the waters.And God said, "Let there be light;" and there was light. And God saw that light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night and there was evening and morning, one day.

In a few short lines, the Book of Genesis repeats the story of Zurvan (THE ALL THAT IS), in his act of creating the galaxy. According to this ancient Zoroastrian heresy, which is believed to predate the Book of Genesis, to create the galaxy Zurvan continues to give birth to twin sons -- Ahriman and Ohrmazd. His is a steady state process, wherein, matter and antimatter spontaneously pop into being. The twin's birth separates antimatter (Ahriman) from matter (Ohrmazd). Antimatter forms a kind of black hole within the hub of the galaxy and matter surrounds the hub. From matter, Zurvan created heavens and Earth. Ancient peoples were unlettered so they used simple allegories, like the tale of Zurvan, to keep alive knowledge that had been entrusted to them. They imbued their allegories with a religious mysticism to assure their continued transmission -- generation to generation. Today, a translation of their simple stories appears inconclusive when viewed from our dogmatically distorted data base, but simply by substituting words that are more expressive of the knowledge being imparted the allegory of the first day reads: In the beginning the Creator set the physical laws for the creation of heavens and Earth. These were to be made from basic particles. At first, particles were without form and widely spaced, and darkness covered all: and the Spirit of the Creator directed the destiny of the flood of molecules being formed from matter and antimatter particles.

The Creator said, "Let molecules gather together and solidify into dense masses to bring forth stars to hammer out complex elements. And the Creator saw the light of the stars and it was good; and the Creator separated the light (matter) from the darkness (antimatter). The Creator called light Day (Ohrmazd), and the darkness the Creator called Night (Ahriman) and there was a galaxy grown, in one time period.

The Creator made more than one heaven, or molecular cloud, but condensed only one Earth from a chosen heaven. The sequence of creation picks up in another ancient allegory that Henry Layard uncovered in the ruins of the library of Ashurbanipal in Ninevah1. The broken tablets (British Museum - No. 93014), first pieced together and published by George Smith in 1876 as "The Chaldean Genesis," established the existence of a third millennium BC text that told the story of creation. The Akkadian words thereon were religiously recited at sunrise on spring equinox, which assured their passage generation to generation. Now called "The Creation Epic" the text was known in antiquity by its opening words, "When in the Heights." The celestial beings involved are the ones who create as well as the ones created, which leads to some confusion. There is also confusion with the use of certain words. Although separate in meaning, completely different concepts are expressed by the same word. For example, "water" can mean several, unrelated items. It can mean a gas or any liquid, the contents of a molecular cloud or the combined hydrogen-oxygen unit commonly known as water ("fluid" would be today’s equivalent). The use of one word to express several different items finds confirmation in the Tower of Babel story (Genesis 11.1), "Now the whole Earth had one language and few words."

In the 1960s the physical characteristics of super-cold helium and hydrogen caught the attention of scientists. Mermin and Lee published their findings on the magical magnetic qualities of helium-3 (1976)2; and Silvera issued a comprehensive review of compressed hydrogen's unique way of getting rid of heat as it steps down a series of stable stationary states (1980)3. When these data became common knowledge, it was only a matter of time before someone connected a molecular cloud's collapse by condensation-solidification with the seismic cross section of the Earth. And, subsequently connect that process with Genesis and ancient folk lore.

Native American folk lore, tells us that "In the beginning, the Creator made the four worlds. Three of them were dark and cold. Our ancestors (presumably life forms) climbed through a hole to reach this place, the fourth world of light." The continuity of this simple creation tale can be traced in the seven tablets from the library of Ashurbanipal. Its first tablet introduces the first world (molecular cloud). The High Priest chants:

"When in the heights Heaven had not been named,And, Below, Earth had not been called;Naught, but primordial APSU, their Begetter,MUMMU, and TIAMAT -- she who bore them all;Their waters were mingled together.

No reed had yet formed, no marsh land had appeared.None of the gods had yet been brought into being,None bore a name, their destinies were undetermined;Then it was that gods were formed in their midst."

The first tablet gives the contents and conditions of our parental molecular cloud (heaven) in which the Earth was without form and void (Genesis 1.2). It was composed of the time-worn elements -- hydrogen, helium and ice-coated dust. APSU (the one who existed from the beginning and originally begot the other two) is hydrogen, but because of the universal acceptance of gravitational attraction, wherein the Sun forms first then the planets and their moons grow from a dust disk surrounding the forming star, Zecharia Sitchin (The 12th Planet, AVON, 1976) forced APSU into the role of the Sun. However, "None of the gods had yet been brought into being." Since our Sun's composition is primarily hydrogen, the ancients -- who Sitchin identifies as superior beings capable of space travel, people of the rockets -- in giving this knowledge to man, probably described the Sun as being made from the only element that was in the beginning.

MUMMU (counselor and emissary of APSU) was thought to be Mercury, because of its close proximity to the Sun. It must be helium. Superfluid helium sneaks into molecular dislocations in solid hydrogen's boundaries and lattice channels to facilitate the flow of heat within the crystal.

TIAMAT (maiden who gave life) was thought to be a planet having an abundance of water (Earth). As the epic unfolds TIAMAT (a small star) gets destroyed. However, at this stage of things, it fits well the task given ice-coated dust by modern astronomers -- to shield the interior of the molecular cloud from stellar radiations. It prevents heat carrying radiations from getting into the cloud, but it allows convective flow of its gases to remove heat from the cloud's interior. It literally forms wombs wherein helium condenses and hydrogen solidifies. Hence, the ancients rightly had man assign TIAMAT the title, "maid who gave life (to the gods)."

The Book of Genesis describes our molecular cloud's womb as follows:And God said, "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament and separated the waters which were under the firmament from the waters that were above the firmament. And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

Or, stated in language that reflects the knowledge of today: And the Creator said, "Let there be a molecular cloud in the midst of the galaxy, and let it separate into denser regions capable of condensing planetary bodies." And the Creator made the molecular cloud (or second world) and protected its inner gases from the light coming from the galaxy. And the Creator called the cloud Heaven. And there was completed a second time period.

Visualize that great molecular cloud whose gases (waters) were cooled to the point of solidification. Within that cloud, convective currents of warm and cool (less than 10 Kelvin) gases set the rotational plane (our present ecliptic plane) of the solar system. In eddy currents within that plane tiny crystals of hydrogen grew around dust particles to form flakes. Flakes joined other flakes to form small gravity (vacuum) centers. Vacuum centers gently merged into orbs, whose masses pulled the cloud's gases into thick atmospheres around each orb. As time went on, a solidifying frenzy added to each orb's bulk. In this manner, orbs grew into basic planetary bodies of crystalline hydrogen, peppered with ice-coated dust and laced with liquid helium. The High Priest chants:

"God LAHMU and god LAHAMU were brought forth;By name they were called.Before they had grown in ageAnd in stature to an appointed size --God ANSHAR and god KISHAR were formed,Surpassing them (in size).As lengthened the days and multiplied the years,God ANU became their son -- of his ancestors a rival.Then ANSHAR'S first-born, ANU,As his equal and in his image begot NUDIMMUD."

The original molecular cloud (TIAMAT) was of enormous size and the forming planetary bodies of the second world were separated by great distances. Thus, very weak attractive forces existed between the observed planetary bodies and the massive bodies still forming in the molecular cloud. These weak forces gradually drew the planetary bodies toward the central mass of the cloud. A small body, formed in an area under the influence of a large body, must fall toward the larger body. As both continue to grow from the solidification of more hydrogen, their mutual attraction gets stronger. In the end, the smaller body's rate of movement toward the larger body accelerates. Its velocity increases, and should a balance be struck between its inertia and the pull of the larger body’s vacuum, the smaller body must go into orbit around the larger body -- "caught in its net" as the ancients called it.

The second tablet indicates the randomness of orbits and just how these independent orbits affect the molecular cloud. The High Priest chants:

"The divine brothers banded together;They disturbed TIAMAT as they surged back and forth. They were troubling the ‘belly’ of TIAMATBy their antics in the dwellings of heaven.APSU could not lessen their clamor;TIAMAT was speechless at their ways.Their doings were loathsome....Troublesome were their ways."

Before relatively ordered orbits fell into place, the growing planetary bodies moved back and forth toward each other in erratic orbits. (A back and forth motion of Neptune showed us Pluto's location -- it was spotted in 1930.) The ancient observers, who were watching from the outside of the molecular cloud, tell us that APSU's strength in that area of TIAMAT had been greatly weakened -- through solidification. Hence, planets moved through space without excessive drag to slow their forward motion. The only forces acting on them then were the vacuums of their fellow planetary bodies and the unseen masses still within TIAMAT. As the observed planetary bodies continued to grow, they swept up the ice-coated dust from the outer reaches of their portion of the molecular cloud to open the cloud's protective cover and allow harmful galactic light to enter their wombs, thus ending their gestation.

By the end of the second tablet a growing caste of celestial characters emerges:Neptune - LAHMU, "deity of war."Uranus - LAHAMU, "lady of battles."Saturn - ANSHAR, "foremost of the heavens." Pluto (introduced shortly) - GAGA, counselor and emissary of ANSHAR.Jupiter - KISHAR, "foremost of firm lands."The asteroid belt planet - ANU, "he of the heavens."Mars - NUDIMMUD, "artful creator." Earth-Moon, Venus, Mercury and Sun - TIAMAT (the remaining molecular cloud), "maiden who gave life."

From these celestial characters you can begin to see the rudiments of astrology taking shape. By assigning a definite personality to each god, the ancients set the stage for attributing the god’s presence at the inception of an event to the outcome or future results of that event. Like religious literature, astrological literature is eschewed by the scientific community. Yet, they may find that astrological literature may have much to offer toward the understanding of ancient science.

It is of interest here in the course of the Creation Epic to do some speculating. The Sun had not yet begun to shine, so only the planets that had consumed their area of the molecular cloud entered the third world. Yet, their destinies would eventually place them in orbits around a larger planetary body that, from the vantage point of the observers, looked to be just more TIAMAT.

Once the integrity of the outer reaches of TIAMAT were compromised, internal heating, which is caused by the decay of radioactive dust particles and by the stepping down of hydrogen to its denser states, boiled hot hydrogen up through the exposed planet's crystalline shell where it worked its way to the planet's outer atmosphere. Subsequently, to be pulled free, cool, then drift back into the remaining molecular cloud. [Crystalline forms of hydrogen retain liquid qualities until they reach their metallic state, hence, the term "boil" is appropriate. To this day, Jovians4 (Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter) boil off hydrogen that heats their upper atmospheres.] But, before the Sun began to shine, exposed moons, in orbit around the Jovians, got subjected to heat radiating from their reining planets and light from the stars of the galaxies. (There is a semantic problem with the words "planet" and "moon." In reality, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars should be considered moons of the Sun, because they have lost their deep atmospheres. The Jovians should be classed as the only true planets in our solar system.) Just as our Sun's heat boils away the surface of a snow bank to expose the soot particles that had occupied the centers of its individual snowflakes, heat from the Jovians ate away the surface hydrogen from off their moons. The boiling away of the moon's outer hydrogen left behind ice-coated dust. In time, the ice-coated dust bonded into a shell of limited tensile strength.

That spherical shell of ice-coated dust constituted a fledgling heat pump, whose operation can best be understood as a standard hot-cold heat pumping cycle, which has a heat absorption stroke and a heat expulsion stroke. In a surface exposed planetary body, released radioactive heat would cause expansion in the solidified mass, but the tensionally strong ice-coated dust shell prevents its expansion; so, pressure builds within the planetary body. (Note: When the helium in a crystal's Gutenberg discontinuity freezes, it expands, as water expands on freezing, so as the crystal cooled down, more pressure came from within as helium solidified.) The inner hydrogen crystal then expelled heat as face centered cubic hydrogen stepped down to its metallic state. Upper shell heating could not go on forever. In time, the ice-coated dust shell's integrity gave way, pressure dropped, and its metallic hydrogen core absorbed heat to chill the upper shells. The massive orb contracted, the integrity of the ice-coated dust shell returned, and the heat expulsion stroke started anew.

Early cycles were of short duration. Their heat expulsion strokes pumped the inner crystal ever lower in temperature and their released heat drove off water and welded layers of dust into strong and weak stony shells. The exposed planetary body shrank in diameter as its inner crystal collapsed to its metallic state. On its surface, pools of water collected and rock turned into soil. Its helium driven magnetic field grew stronger to swell its swirling atmosphere with electrical energy that discharged to the planet's surface to create life giving acids.

This is a good place to introduce Deinococcus radiodurans5. D. radiodurans are microbes that shrug off doses of radiation many thousands of times higher than those that would kill a person. John Travis tells us they were isolated in the 1950s from tins of meat that had spoiled despite supposedly sterilizing irradiation. They have shown up in llama and elephant feces, in irradiated haddock and duck, and in granites from Antarctica’s Dry Valleys, the place on Earth thought to most closely resemble the surface of Mars.

When it is hit with millions of rads the bacterium’s genetic material literally shatters into hundreds of fragments, the radiation creates complete breaks in the microbe’s double-stranded molecules of DNA. Double-stranded breaks are the most difficult DNA damage to repair. Yet within a few hours, D. radioduran begins to stitch its fragmented DNA together, and it eventually resurrects a genome free of mutations. Scientists believe its evolved immunity to radiation is the byproduct of skills needed to survive a lack of water. But, relatives of D. radiodurans have recently been found in areas unlikely to suffer the lack of water, such as hot springs. Since heat induces double-strand DNA breaks, the springs might have also forced the bacteria to perfect their survival skills.

Scientists are at a loss as to why this strange microbe evolved. However, if you consider the above model of the radioactively hot surfaces of young planetary bodies the evolution of D. radiodurans makes perfect sense. In fact D. radiodurans may have hitched a ride on comets or meteors from a previous solar system to expedite the evolution of life, during Earth’s early formative stage.

See if you do not agree that we can read the Earth’s early formative stage in the Book of Genesis' account of the third day. It reads: And God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear." And it was so. God called the dry land Earth (rock, soil or dirt), and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas. And God saw that it was good. And God said, "Let the Earth put forth vegetation, plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit in which is their seed, each according to its kind, upon the Earth." And it was so. The Earth brought forth vegetation, plants yielding seed according to their own kinds, and trees bearing fruit in which is their seed, each according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And there was evening and morning, a third day.

Now, the third day, or third world, occurred before the Sun began to shine, so there must have been another source of intense light available to prompt the planet to "put forth vegetation." A star perhaps. One still hidden from the observers by a veil of dust.

We find the Sun's explosive ignition in the fourth day of creation in the Book of Genesis: And God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to separate the day from the night; and let them be signs for the seasons and years, etc., etc."

Finally the Creation Epic introduces the Sun (MARDUK) to the assembled assemblies. The events of MARDUK's coming out party unfold in grand scale as a new celestial god -- an until now unseen planetary body -- joins the pantheon. The High Priest chants:

"In the Chamber of Fates, the place of Destinies,A god was engendered, most able and wisest of gods;In the heart of the Deep was MARDUK created.Alluring was his figure, sparkling the lift of his eyes;Lordly was his gait, commanding as of olden times...Greatly exalted was he above the gods, exceedingthroughout...He was the loftiest of the gods, surpassing was his height;His members were enormous, he was exceedingly tall."

Here the epic establishes the planetary body's ranking in the solar system (Chamber of Fates), its control over the orbits (Destinies) of the other planets, and its location at the center of the molecular cloud (heart of the Deep). The author then describes MARDUK's mass and makes reference to the fact that this has occurred before in this very spot (as of olden times). The epic continues as the gods debate their fate as TIAMAT, who is no longer a placid planet -- she is a raging star, threatens the stability of their assemblies in a melodramatic preparation for war with MARDUK. Her frightened neighbors envy her size and murmur amongst themselves as the High Priest chants the gods’ complaints to MARDUK:

"She exalted Kingu,In their midst she made him great ...The high command of battleShe entrusted into his hand.

... she has set up an Assembly and is furious with rage ... she has added matchless weapons, has borne monster-godsWithal eleven of this kind she has brought forth; from among the gods who formed her Assembly, she has elevated Kingu, her first-born, made him chief... she has given him a Tablet of Destinies (his own orbit), fastened it on his breast."

TIAMAT's size must have been something to behold. Her size was greater than that of Jupiter's and rivaled that of MARDUK, who was destined to be a star. She had borne an assembly of moons with a host of orbiting satellites. Her outer most planet Kingu, like LAHMU and LAHAMU, had been given the command position of battle.

Planetary bodies destined to be stars continue pumping their inner cores down to the metallic state. Protons deep in the thick metallic core eventually capture their electrons to produce neutron pairs. These neutron pairs, in turn, unite with metallic hydrogen to form the heavy hydrogens. When a critical mass is achieved, a large amount of heat is expelled as the heavy hydrogens fuse to heliums. The heat produced deep in the core is moved by the perfect heat-conducting capabilities of the superfluid heliums to the ice-coated dust shells, which flash boil into steam to propel the planetary body's fractured stony shells toward space. In this fashion, the star's explosive wind destroys the wombs of rivals and clears the area of dust and lesser planetesimals, leaving the cardinal planets in mathematically balanced orbits around the newly formed star. Planet gestation stops. Instead, planets and their moons find themselves being bombarded by a host of debris and fierce ultraviolet light coming from the new star, or more frequently stars.

Single star systems are rare in the galaxy. So, a portion of the molecular cloud (TIAMAT) could still have been at work condensing the planetary body destined to be our Sun, while a smaller star (TIAMAT) blazed a distance away. As the epic tells us, that smaller star harbored a vacuum so strong that eleven major moons orbited around it. Specific details about this small star are not available because tablet fragments yield up only a few half-finished thoughts. However, we know the gods in the unfolding melodrama feared for their very existence as the immensity of TIAMAT’s (the small star’s) assembly makes its presence known. It would appear that two counter-rotating solar systems grew from the parental molecular cloud. Their attractive forces predestined their eventual territorial conflict. Their paths set them on courses that, in time, would unbalance set assemblies. Thus, the gods beseeched MARDUK to save them. MARDUK's response to the gods' beseechings is revealed as the High Priest chants:

"If I, indeed, as your Avenger am to vanquish TIAMAT, save your lives --Convene an assembly to proclaim my destiny supreme!ANSHAR opened his mouth,To GAGA, his Counselor, a word he addressed...'Be on thy way, GAGA, take the stand before the gods, and that which I shall tell thee repeat thou unto them."

The attractive force of TIAMAT's approaching assembly must have pulled Pluto (GAGA) from his orbit around Saturn and set him into a canted, elliptical orbit around MARDUK, so he could, as the melodrama plays it out, counsel the Jovians to "fix decrees for MARDUK." Now, isn't it interesting how the ancients wove into their allegory the fact that Pluto is a deviant? His orbit is the most eccentric and has the greatest inclination with respect to the ecliptic plane, near which the other planets revolve -- a fact we barely confirmed in the thirties.

The gods capitulated, probably because the deck was stacked in MARDUK's favor. He had achieved a stony surface of development and was spitting vast cones of hydrogen from his poles. The foreordained battle of their merging assemblies (MARDUK's and TIAMAT's) commences as the High Priest chants:

"The Lord went forth, followed his course;Towards the raging TIAMAT he set his face....The Lord approached to scan the innerside of TIAMAT --The scheme of Kingu, her consort, to perceive.As he looks on, his course becomes upset,His direction is distracted, his doings are confused.When the gods, his helpers,Who were marching at his side,Saw the valiant Kingu, blurred became their vision.TIAMAT emitted a roar ...The lord raised the flooding storm, his mighty weapon.TIAMAT's fury grew; the roots of her legs shook back and forth as she tried to cast spells over MARDUK.TIAMAT and MARDUK, the wisest of gods,Advanced against one another;They pressed on to single combat,They approached for battle."

Notice how the shear draw (vacuum force) of TIAMAT's assembly confused the path of MARDUK. They were destined to orbit or already orbited each other. Their battle, and what I believe to be an apt description of the clearing effect of the explosive wind of our Sun’s start up phase, is reported as the High Priest chants:

"The Lord spread out his net to enfold her;The Evil Wind, the rearmost, he unleashed at her face.As she opened wide her mouth, TIAMAT, to devour him --He drove in the Evil Wind so that she closed not her lips.The fierce storm Winds then charged her belly;Her body became distended; her mouth had opened wide.He shot through an arrow, it tore her belly;It cut through her insides, tore into her womb.Having thus subdued her, her life-breath he extinguished."

The above follows closely what leading astronomers say a low mass star’s start up should be. When a star is born it expels large chunks of debris into space with a forceful wind. The continuous outpouring of this wind bears the molecular cloud's ice-coated dust and remaining gases far out into space or at least to the Oort cloud. Planetary bodies that are closest to the new star -- those unprotected by a stony shell -- simply ablate from the intense heat coming from that star's raging furnace. They appear to open their mouths as their now gaseous remains distend back away from their bodies -- driven in that direction by the star's ferocious heat. The moons, which had orbited TIAMAT, those protected by stony shells, were pulled into elliptical orbits around the new star. They do as stated in the next lines of the tablet, "turn their backs about so as to save and preserve their lives." The lesser moons get caught up in that star's forceful wind to end up in long elliptical orbits around the new star. The High Priest chants:

"After he had slain TIAMAT, the leader,Her band was shattered, her host broken up.The gods, her helpers who marched at her side, trembled in fear,Turned their backs about so as to save and preserve their lives.Thrown into the net, they found themselves ensnared...The whole band of demons that had marched at her sideHe cast into fetters, their hands he bound...Tightly encircled, they could not escape.

It would appear that the planets in orbit around TIAMAT traveled in reverse orbital direction to the direction of travel of the planets around MARDUK. As the two combatants approached each other, TIAMAT's mass diminished as a goodly portion of her total mass was blown into space. As a result, MARDUK's mass gained control over TIAMAT's moons and some did an "S" maneuver from their orbits around TIAMAT to orbits around MARDUK -- turned their backs about. One, the one we call Triton, proceeded along its velocity vector toward Neptune where it found a retrograde orbit around that planet. It, like Earth, may well have supported life when it orbited TIAMAT, because its polar caps contain ices of methane and nitrogen -- signs of life.

Not all crystals orbiting TIAMAT grew to the size needed to become a stable moon. Some were small and with the diminishment of TIAMAT's attractive mass, their directions of travel changed, sending them toward space along with the matter expelled from the new star. Thus, were born the comets, who travel reverse orbits in our solar system.

The defeat of TIAMAT spawned this new and most deadly type of projectile. Some of which, millions of years later, entered our atmosphere to give birth to tektites. Tektites are small glassy objects that result from melting and shaping by aerodynamic frictional heating during their rapid passage through the atmosphere. There is no dominant shape among tektites. The flanged, teardrop and dumbbell are the more exotic. But, ragged and spherical shapes are common. Unlike meteors, tektites arrive in intermittent showers that spread these tiny glass forms over broad strewnfields. Tektites also lack signs of bombardment by cosmic rays that produce He-3, Ne-21, Al-26, Ar-36, etc., in all other meteoric space debris.

A comet with a central core of crystalline hydrogen surrounded by a covering of ice-coated dust could indefinitely wend its way through the deep-freeze of space without a significant buildup of the elements He-3, Ne-21, Al-26, Ar-36 etc. The reason? Its outer most shell of dust would be the only shell exposed to the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. Upon entering our atmosphere its outer shell abrades leaving virgin inner shells exposed to the searing heat of entry. These virgin shells then abrade leaving a trail of glass beads in the wake of the comet. In time, the total abrasion of the virgin shells exposes the hydrogen crystal to the atmosphere. A huge fireball follows as the crystal plunges into a bath of 19 percent oxygen. The ensuing explosive burning of its surface then implodes the crystal causing nuclear detonation. A shock wave follows, devastating the land below and spreading the trailing glass beads over broad strewnfields. Years after the destruction, there would be no trace of the comet or crater for us to point to and say, there is where it landed. What has just been described fits well with the disaster described in eye witness accounts of the 1908 explosion that took place in the sparsely populated, Tunguska region of Siberia.

In the opening pages of their book, "The Fire Came By," John Baxter and Thomas Atkins6 describe the event as follows: "High above the Indian Ocean, a huge object hurtling from space pierces the Earth's atmospheric shell. In the almost airless upper altitudes, there is no sound, barely any friction; unimpeded, it races toward the Earth. "In a long sloping trajectory, it rockets northwards at supersonic velocity across the Asian mainland, high over the Himalayan peaks. Drawn lower by gravity, it hits the thicker strata of the globe's atmosphere. Intense frictional heat begins to build up. "It flashes into the sight of man over western China in the dawn of June 30, 1908. Caravans winding through the Gobi Desert halt and look in awe at a fireball blazing across the sky. It disappears over the border of Mongolia. Plunging into the denser air shells, it glows with the heat of 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (3000 Kelvin), brighter even than the thin morning sun. "In central Russia, a deafening roar terrifies the inhabitants of small towns and villages, the only settlements in this remote deserted area. A powerful ballistic wave, pushed before the descending object, strikes the ground. Trees are leveled, nomad huts blown down, men and animals scattered like specks of dust. At 7:17 A.M. the Central Siberian Plateau near the Stony Tunguska River, a sparsely populated, desolate region of peat bogs and pine forests, shudders under the impact of cataclysmic explosion. The detonation is of such violent force that the seismographic center at Irkutsk, 550 miles (880 km) to the south, registers tremors of earthquake proportions. Vibrations travel 3,000 miles (4830 km) through the ground to other stations in Moscow and the capital of the tsarist empire, St. Petersburg; and the earthquake observatory at Jena, Germany, 3,240 miles (5210 km) away, records strong seismic shocks. Even as far away as Washington and Java seismographs are activated by the immense blast. "Instantly, a gigantic 'pillar of fire' flares up into the clear sky, ascending to such height that the blinding column is visible above the horizon to startled Siberians in towns several hundred miles away; then the air is wracked by a series of thunderous claps that can be heard for more than 500 miles (800 km). The noise is so great that some herdsmen closer to the blast are deafened; others are thrown into a state of dazed shock that renders them speechless. "Simultaneously with the brilliant fire in the sky, a searing thermal current sweeps across the hilly taiga, or northern woods, scorching the tall conifers and igniting fires that will continue to burn for days. Stunned citizens 40 miles (64 km) away in the trading post of Vanavara shield their faces from the fierce heat drafts. Seconds later, a shockwave generated by the blast rips through the small village, gouging up pieces of sod, collapsing ceilings, shattering windows, and flinging people into the air. "At a distance 375 miles (600 km) to the south-south-west, hurricanelike gusts rattle doors, windows, lamps in Kansk, a station town on the newly completed Trans-Siberian Railway. Within minutes two additional waves of shock strike the town. People working nearby on rafts are hurled into the river, while farther south, horses stumble and fall to the ground. "As dark masses of thick clouds rise to an altitude of more than 12 miles (20 km) above the Tunguska region, the entire area is showered by an ominous 'black rain,' the result of sudden air condensation and the swirling vortex of the explosion. Intermittent rumblings of thunder, resembling heavy artillery, reverberate throughout central Russia."

In their examination of the information provided by later (1921 and 1927) scientific expeditions into the area, Baxter and Atkins draw similarities between the Tunguska explosion and that of an air burst of a hydrogen bomb. Some Soviet expeditions discovered thousands of tiny magnetite globules in the Tunguska soil. These are thought to have formed in the heat of the explosion. These magnetized iron oxide spheres, perhaps of extraterrestrial origin, are believed by some to be the only remaining fragments of the cosmic object that caused the blast. Also strewn throughout the Tunguska soil, were numerous globules of silicate in small glassy droplets or bulbs.

Back in Ninevah's Creation Epic, a full grown moon emerges from out of TIAMAT's gaseous shroud. It later becomes known as the planet Earth. The melodrama thus shifts from the defeat of TIAMAT to the destiny of Earth as she joins the assembly of gods around MARDUK. The High Priest chants:

"The Lord paused to view her lifeless body.To divide the monster he then artfully planned.Then, as a mussel, he split her into two parts.The lord trod upon TIAMAT's hinder part;With his weapon the connected skull he cut loose;He severed the channels of her blood;And caused the North Wind to bear itTo places that have been unknown.

The ancient Hebrew account in Job describes it by:"The hammered canopy stretched out in the place of Tehom (TIAMAT?)The Earth suspended in the void...His powers the waters did arrest,His energy the Haughty One did cleave;His Wind the Hammered Bracelet measured out;His hand the twisting dragon did extinguish."

Drawn from its course, TIAMAT’s remaining neutron centre struck the planet ANU so soundly they both broke up. The rocky outer shells of ANU formed the debris of the asteroid belt. Its inner parts (ice-coated dust, helium and hydrogen) succumbed to the fierce heat of the new star, and liken to a twisted dragon were blown into outer space by MARDUK's fierce winds. Thus, was made the hammered bracelet of the asteroid belt that divides our solar system. But, the watery moon that emerged from the shroud of gases around TIAMAT was slowed by her close encounter, which caused her to turn about and slip into an orbit around MARDUK -- to become Earth.

At the turn of the 19th century, a Berlin professor of astronomy, Johann Elert Bode, noticed a discrepency in planet spacings. He found that all the distances of the planets from the Sun could be arranged in perfect geometrical succession. Obviously, there is a gap between Mars and Jupiter and this gap should not have been. Bode believed that a planet must once have traveled the empty orbit between Mars and Jupiter. That planet he surmised had been destroyed and its fragmented body now would occupy that orbit.

Sure enough, the fragments were found. All of them followed orbits at approximately the distance from the Sun required by Bode’s theory, all of them were small, like Ceres. There are now so many fragments that astronomers have long since run out of names of gods and goddesses; all new asteroids are now simply given numbers. But the hypothetical mother planet of these asteroids still seemed to have been far too small, since the total mass of the fragments known at the time amounted to only 1/800 of that of the Earth.

Now, if ANU was a condensed body, which may have only advanced to a thin shell of solid rock, the fragments may well be only 1/800 of the total mass. Most of the mass (hydrogen, helium and ice coated dust, the planet’s life blood) would have been blown to places that have been unknown and TIAMAT’s neurton core would have simply fissioned into protons and electrons.

At this point in the Creation Epic, the ancients seem to pander to the extent of man's eyesight. In so doing, they left it to man’s (Aristotle’s) creative imagination to eventually misinterpret Earth as the center of the solar system. I can only surmise that they thought man could solve the relationship with the information provided. But, as you have seen this led to millenniums of false dogma, and once that false dogma was generally accepted, it became sacrosanct, as has the theory of gravitational attraction. Instead of following through with a definitive verse to describe Earth as a globe orbiting the Sun, the ancients abruptly switched to the familiar landscapes of Earth. The High Priest chants:

"Putting TIAMAT's head into position (Earth's orbit),He raised the mountains thereon.He opened two springs, the torrents to draw off.Through her eyes he released the Tigris and Euphrates.From her teats he formed the lofty mountains,Drilled springs for wells, the water to carry off.And Kingu, who had become chief among them, he made shrink;As god (pot of lead) he counted him.He took from him the Tablet of Destinies,Not rightly his (to set him in orbit around the Earth)."

From the two competing systems one single, victorious star emerged. It now controlled the destinies (orbits) of the remaining gods. If TIAMAT (the star) had been allowed to remain, then the planets surrounding the twin stars would have been systematically consumed either by TIAMAT or by MARDUK. Fortunately for us only one star emerged to begin the life of the solar system. Planets, late in their formative stages, occupy mathematically balanced orbits around that victorious star.

Star birth heralds the evolution of light-dependent life on planets of the solar system. But, our scientists tell us the Sun’s start up phase occurred 4,600 million years ago. That date comes from the age dating work done on chondrites, which contain the oldest rock yet analyzed. Meteorite analysis gives an insight into the nature of a solar system's birth and death, because, so it appears, different classes of meteors originate at the beginning and at the end of a star's life. These meteors can be categorized in two broad classes based on their chemistry and mineral content: 1. Iron meteors consist of 98 percent nickel-iron, and stony iron meteors consist of 50 percent silicates and 50 percent nickel-iron on average. 2. Chondrite, carbonaceous chondrite, and achondrite meteors, consist mostly of silicate minerals. The fine grained material of carbonaceous chondrite meteors contains minerals that form at high-temperature and some that form at low-temperature, such as, serpentine and clay. Their clays contain bonded water, together with about five percent volatile organic compounds. In the condensation model above, low-temperature and high-temperature minerals coexist in the surface of a dominant planet right before its explosive start up turns it into a star.

Carbonaceous chondrites have a special significance. Their chemical composition matches that of the constituents revealed by the Sun's spectrum. When our Sun's start up occurred, its ice matrix flash-boiled into steam. Steam pressure fractured the strong stony upper shells into chunks and sent them flying into space. While the accelerative force of the steam was a constant, the weight of freed chunks varied; thus, they achieved different mass velocities. Fine dust and water vapor escaped into space, but chunks were subjected to a force of deceleration produced by the total solar system's combined vacuum. Larger chunks reached an elevation, from the Sun, where the deceleration force halted their movement before the lighter chunks attained their top elevation. That same force reversed their direction of travel and pulled them back into the solar system. Chunks the size of large cities or small countries came crashing into the gods as the first wave of meteors returned to the Sun. These were followed by smaller fragments that had traveled further into space. Today, instead of large chunks, only grit returns.

In his article, "Cratering in the Solar System," William K. Hartmann7 provides the following summary of the available cratering evidence for our solar system. "The best estimate of crater-production rates and accurate crater counts made from photographs, suggest that all inner planets and satellites were heavily cratered between 4,000 to 4,500 million years ago. Lava flows were common on the moon and Mercury 3,000 to 4,000 million years ago, but abruptly stopped at that point. On the moon the youngest large craters visible to the unaided eye, such as the bright-rayed crater Tycho, may be only a few hundred million years old. The cratered regions of Venus show large impact outlines that are believed to be 3,000 to 4,000 million years old; smaller craters 30 kilometers across or less may date back 1,000 million years, since older ones would have been eroded (by environmental conditions)".

I believe Mr. Hartmann's interpretation of the sequence of cratering (larger followed by smaller) to be absolutely true. However, from what was previously discussed, the dominant planet's surface formed long before its start up phase. Its stony surface's early formation thus skewed the age dating of meteors toward that early formation setting. I contend that 4,600 million years ago, geological activity on the surface of the "to be" stars, TIAMAT and the Sun, set atomic clocks into its stony covers. Start up occurred later, maybe as late as the early Proterozoic Eon when a profusion of animal life appeared on the Earth. That means that the fourth day of creation, or the fourth world, came into being only 600 to 700 million years ago, which would change the dates set in Mr. Hartmann's article by a factor of ten, but it would not change the sequence of cratering he reported. So, the sequence reported by Hartmann supports a condensation model.

In addition, the return of original surface chunks back to the inner surface of the Sun affords a logical explanation for the composition of carbonaceous chondrites closely matching the spectrum of the emitted light of our Sun. However, the emitted light of blue-white stars near the center of the galaxy show mostly iron. Iron is the most stable of stable elements, so what's it doing in the galactic model where the youngest stars of purest hydrogen occupy a zone near the center of the galaxy? The answer lies in supernovas. Unlike the start up phase where a strong vacuum draws the fragmented surface back into the star, a supernova imparts an accelerative force to the fragments to send stony-iron and iron meteors into space.

Our Sun's furnace is right now refining future stony-iron and iron meteors as the less stable elements break down to give up their electrons and fly away on the polar winds. In the harsh solar environment, only the most stable elements retain their identities. In time, these will consolidate as molten puddles on the Sun's inner surface. When its heat-moving helium eventually fails to remove heat coming from its pulsing-cold-fusion furnace, the furnace will go critical and explode. Then, as of olden times, the Sun's iron meteors will be blown into space and some will travel to the blue-white stars at the center of the galaxy.

Venus may soon explode too. Venus has surface features described by observers as diminutive domes. Unlike normal volcanism, which builds high cones, these domes are broad and relatively flat. A typical dome shows a gradual slope, a pit at the summit that may have been its lava’s source, and a radar-bright area that may indicate an additional lava outpouring. Mapping of Venus’ northern hemisphere shows about 7000 domes, 5 to 200 km in diameter. Many more smaller domes were noted, but were not counted. If the limited sample holds up, Venus could have at least 88,000 domes pimpling her face. But, what kind of activity in a condensation model would cause such features?

Venus has started the cold fusion of its metallic hydrogen core. She may be in the early stages of fusing deuterium-tritium into helium-3, which would be accompanied by a lack of electrons. Now, in 1982 the Pioneer Venus space craft reported strong evidence that lightning on Venus was associated with volcanism10. Later, that finding was refuted and instead attributed to ion troughs. But, if Venus has begun nuclear fusion both of these may have one and the same cause. The diminutive domes on Venus do not appear to be overly productive in lava, as here on Earth, but each has a summit pit, which may be the source of the ions. Ions that are reaching out to the surrounding atmosphere to capture electrons to feed her cold fusion furnace.

Venus, however, is not large enough to become a star, so, as cold fusion continues to increase, her helium’s ability to rid the core of heat will rapidly diminish. The fusion furnace will eventually go thermonuclear and explode. Her explosion will dump a vast quantity of hydrogen in the vicinity of the Sun, which will then flare up into a Nova to gather in the newly available electrons. But, the danger of a forthcoming nova or supernova is not what the ancients warn us about in their allegories. Instead, their warning is down to earth.

Geological evidence shows recurrent catastrophic upheavals on the face of the Earth. So, what the ancients are trying to tell us in their many allegories is the upcoming, hot-cold heat pumping cycle's change (from heat expulsion to heat absorption), which comes with a globally destructive convultion. Technically, we know that an Ice Age is overdue, and we know its destructive sequences, yet our top scientists spend their valuable time and talents seeking out extraterrestrials, looking for worm holes, or worrying if the universe will expand forever. I hate to bear bad tidings, but the enemy that needs to be foiled is not in the great beyond -- it is beneath our feet. It is the heat produced by the radioactive decay of elements in Earth's outer stony shells. This heat drives Earth's hot-cold heat pump cycle which is currently in a surface warming (core cooling) stroke. As time goes on, Earth's average night time temperature will rise, her ice caps will recede, and her oceans will transcend their bounds. Her deep seated expansion quakes and the eruptions of her shield volcanoes will sharply increase. Be not complacent, these things have already begun. We must take action to foil this enemy. We must get off this planet. Be alert, look around you, as you see these things increasing, in their frequency, know -- as the ancients knew -- an age of ice is near at hand.

References and further reading:

1. Sitchin, Z. 1976. "The 12th Planet," Avon Books, New York, Pages 210-232.2. Mermin, D. & David. Lee, December 1976. "Superfluid Helium 3," Sci Am, New York, Pages 56-713. Silvera, I., April 1, 1980. "The solid hydrogens in condensed phase: Fundamentals and static properties," Review of Modern Physics, Vol. 52, No. 2, Part 1, American Physical Society, New York, Pages 392-495.4. Cowen, R., December 4, 1993. "Probing the variety among the giant planets," Science News, Vol. 144, Wash., Page 375.5. Travis, John, December 12, 1998. "Meet the Superbug," Science News, Vol. 154.6. Baxter, J. & T. Atkins, 1976. "The Fire Came By," Warner Books, New York, Pages 21-23.7. Hartmann, W. 1977. "Cratering of the Solar System," Sci Am, New York, Pages 84-99.